YouTube’s viewership on TVs jumped during the pandemic, when people were stuck at home and willing to consume more content. The trend has continued, in a sign of growing interest in a more laid-back TV experience. The platform’s popularity underscores the sharp differences between YouTube’s hands-off approach to content creation and the billion-dollar bets of old guard media companies like Disney, Paramount and NBCUniversal as they compete for audiences.

Since Netflix started offering original content in 2012, TV networks have jumped into the streaming race, trying to outflank one another with major upfront investments. Netflix alone spends US$17 billion ($28b) a year on new series and movies as well as on older fare from other companies’ libraries.

On YouTube, ordinary creators decide what to make and cover production costs. If a video racks up views and ad dollars, YouTube sends the creators 55% of that revenue. If a video flops, it doesn’t lose any money. The company says it has paid creators and partners US$70b ($116.5b) for content over the past three years – but always after it has made money, without having to take financial risks.

The decision to leave content decisions with creators was the most important lesson the company learned, Neal Mohan, YouTube’s CEO, said in an interview.

“Our creators are much better at predicting what our fans and audiences want,” he said. “This is television remade for a new generation.”

So far, it has struck a chord. Mohan said 150 million people in the United States look at YouTube on televisions each month, and they watch the same things that are popular on phones: stunts from Mr. Beast, YouTube’s biggest creator; music videos; and even TikTok-style vertical videos called Shorts.

YouTube has topped the list for streaming time on a TV for 17 months in a row, according to data from Nielsen, which tracks TV viewership. In June, its share ballooned to 9.9%, setting a record for any streaming platform. That does not include viewers watching from a phone, tablet or computer. Nor does it include the YouTube TV app, which offers traditional network and cable channels for a fee.

In the second quarter, YouTube’s ad sales climbed 13% to US$8.7b ($14.4b). That was a bit less than Wall Street analysts expected, but YouTube also makes money through subscriptions, which grew in the quarter, Alphabet, one of its parent companies, reported.

The video service also performs well among young viewers. In May, roughly 48% of its TV viewership was from people younger than 34, Nielsen found. Netflix, by comparison, had 43% of its viewership from that age group. Only Disney+, with its child-friendly content, does better in that demographic.

YouTube also has strong viewership totals among Black, Asian, Hispanic and Spanish-speaking households.

“It’s just so broad — that’s what’s driving its strength,” said Brian Fuhrer, Nielsen’s senior vice president of product strategy. “There’s something for every single demographic and every race and ethnicity, all the time.”

YouTube confronted the ire of TV networks almost immediately after being founded in 2005. They were frustrated that users were uploading their shows onto the video site, without permission. In 2007, Viacom, then MTV’s owner, sued YouTube for US$1b ($1.66b) in a bitterly fought copyright case. (YouTube won the suit.)

Over a decade ago, YouTube made its first foray into commissioning original content. It had paid some creators a majority of the ad revenue from their videos since 2007, but took things up a notch with its YouTube Original Channel Initiative in 2012. The company spent US$100 million ($166m) to start 100 YouTube channels featuring entertainers like Madonna and Shaquille O’Neal. One year and more than US$300m ($499m) later, the company shuttered the effort.

It tried again in 2015, with an even more ambitious plan to build a premium streaming service.

YouTube hired a former MTV executive, Susanne Daniels, who developed shows under the branding YouTube Originals. The next year, the platform started releasing comedies, dramas and a horror-themed reality show, Scare PewDiePie, which starred one of its biggest personalities.

Within a few years, the content library grew to include a Taylor Swift concert and a Justin Bieber docuseries. But only one show became a hit: Cobra Kai, which was a sequel to the Karate Kid films.

So in early 2022, YouTube pulled the plug.

Mohan said that the company had shut down Originals because creators had been growing rapidly on the platform, and that it had wanted to “double down” on supporting them.

Over the years, YouTube creator content graduated from the low-budget amateur videos of the early days.

Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal started uploading comedy videos to the platform in 2006. Now their channels have a combined 31 million subscribers. On their daily talk show, Good Mythical Morning, they interview celebrity guests and goof around in low-stakes experiments.

“In the beginning days, we saw YouTube as a steppingstone to a traditional Hollywood gig,” McLaughlin said.

They have tried traditional TV shows and haven’t always been fulfilled, so they are sticking with YouTube, where they have “creative freedom” and “can invest in ourselves,” he added.

Some YouTube channels have made their content more cinematic, to look good on larger screens. Half of Michelle Khare’s viewers watch her videos of high-stakes challenges on TVs. In one, I Tried Houdini’s Deadliest Stunt, she tried to get out of handcuffs and chains while holding her breath underwater. More than 5 million people tuned in and found that (spoiler alert) she succeeded.

The challenge took a year to come together, which she said would not have been possible on traditional TV.

“We’re not bound to a production pipeline,” she said. “The culture of YouTube rewards creative risk.”

Not all TV viewership of YouTube is created equal. It’s mostly broken into two extremes: those who watch incredibly closely and those barely watching at all, according to TVision, a research firm.

TVision tracks 5000 households and deploys a camera near each panellist’s television screen to see whether people are actually looking at a programme when the television is turned on.

YouTube tends to rank “rock bottom in terms of attention every year” among major streaming platforms, said Yan Liu, TVision’s CEO. (Amazon Prime Video ranked first last year.)

Shorter YouTube videos have relatively high attention rates, TVision said. Compilation videos, like strung-together TikTok clips or a comedian’s top 10 jokes, do well. So do how-to videos, podcast episodes and children’s shows like “Cocomelon”. Longer videos, like music playlists or “sleep sounds,” rank much lower.

Sometimes humans aren’t even the intended audience when someone flips on YouTube.

Erynn O’Neil, a 45-year-old private chef who fosters animals at her Massachusetts home, said she plays YouTube on a guest room TV for new cats and dogs while they are acclimating. It can be soothing, she said.

“I’ll search for ‘cat videos long,’” she said. “As long as it’s over three hours, I hit play.”

Nielsen and TVision do not currently track ratings for animals.

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.

Written by: Nico Grant and John Koblin

Photographs by: Anastasiia Sapon

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